RESEARCH LIBRARY

AI governance Research Resources

130+ Authoritative Resources from WHO, UNESCO, OECD, NIST, ILO, FDA, UNEP, RAND, IMF, ECB and Leading Research Institutions

Comprehensive database of research papers, policy frameworks, technical standards, and industry reports aligned with our 9-pillar framework

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68+ Papers, Reports & Standards

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UNESCO2021

Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

Policy Framework45 min read

The first-ever global standard on AI ethics, adopted by 194 UNESCO member states, establishing comprehensive principles and policy action areas for responsible AI development.

GovernanceFairnessTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Public Sector, Third Sector, Researcher
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OECD2025

Governing with Artificial Intelligence: The State of Play and Way Forward in Core Government Functions

Industry Report40 min read

Comprehensive analysis of 200 AI use cases across OECD governments, examining opportunities, risks, and practical guidance for responsible AI adoption in public sector functions.

GovernanceRiskTransparency
Best for: Public Sector, Researcher
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NIST2023

Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)

Technical Standard1.0 hr read

Voluntary framework for managing risks to individuals, organisations, and society associated with AI, developed through consensus-driven collaboration with public and private sectors.

RiskGovernanceSafety
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Public Sector, Researcher
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European Parliament2020

The ethics of artificial intelligence: Issues and initiatives

Policy Framework45 min read

Comprehensive overview of AI ethics issues and policy initiatives across the European Union and globally, examining regulatory approaches and ethical frameworks.

GovernanceFairnessTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, Public Sector, Researcher
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Minds and Machines (Springer)2020

The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines

Academic Paper30 min read2,781 citations

Critical evaluation of over 80 AI ethics guidelines from around the world, examining their effectiveness, convergence, and implementation challenges.

GovernanceFairnessTransparency
Best for: Researcher, Enterprise, Public Sector
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Ethics and Information Technology (Springer)2021

Artificial Intelligence Regulation: A Framework for Governance

Academic Paper30 min read

Develops comprehensive conceptual framework for regulating AI based on systematic review of literature on AI governance and regulatory theory.

GovernanceRiskAccountability
Best for: Public Sector, Researcher, Enterprise
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RAND Corporation2024

Risk-Based AI Regulation: A Primer on the Artificial Intelligence Act

Industry Report40 min read

Comprehensive primer on the EU AI Act's risk-based regulatory approach, serving as guide for US legislators and policymakers considering AI regulation.

GovernanceRiskAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, Public Sector, Researcher
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European Parliament Research Service2020

The Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on Artificial Intelligence

Academic Paper30 min read

Examines relationship between GDPR and AI, analysing how data protection regulation impacts AI development, deployment, and governance in the EU.

PrivacyTransparencyGovernance
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Public Sector
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U.S. Congressional Research Service2025

Regulating Artificial Intelligence: U.S. and International Perspectives

Industry Report40 min read

Comparative analysis of AI regulatory approaches across major jurisdictions including US, EU, UK, China, and international organisations.

GovernanceRiskAccountability
Best for: Public Sector, Researcher, Enterprise
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European Journal of Information Systems2022

Algorithmic Bias: Review, Synthesis, and Future Research Directions

Academic Paper30 min read847 citations

Comprehensive systematic review synthesizing research on algorithmic bias with integrated framework and agenda for future research directions.

FairnessTransparencyAccountability
Best for: Researcher, Enterprise, Public Sector
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NPJ Digital Medicine (Nature)2023

Considerations for Addressing Bias in Artificial Intelligence for Health Equity

Academic Paper30 min read210 citations

Proposes comprehensive approaches for understanding and mitigating AI bias in healthcare to advance health equity and reduce disparities.

FairnessSafetyAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, Public Sector, Researcher
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Nature Digital Medicine2025

Bias Recognition and Mitigation Strategies in Artificial Intelligence

Academic Paper30 min read78 citations

Highlights importance of systematically identifying bias and engaging mitigation activities throughout AI model lifecycle with practical strategies.

FairnessTransparencyAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Researcher
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IEEE Access2023

A Review of Trustworthy and Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)

Academic Paper30 min read294 citations

Comprehensive study on trustworthy AI elements and integration of explainable AI methodologies across diverse applications and domains.

TransparencyAccountabilityFairness
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher, SME
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Information and Software Technology (Elsevier)2023

Transparency and Explainability of AI Systems: From Ethical Guidelines to Requirements Engineering

Academic Paper30 min read316 citations

Provides insights into what organisations consider important in transparency and explainability of AI systems, bridging ethics and engineering.

TransparencyAccountabilityGovernance
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Researcher
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AI & Society (Springer)2024

Accountability in Artificial Intelligence: What It Is and How It Works

Academic Paper30 min read450 citations

Defines accountability in AI context and analyses its architecture through compliance, reporting, oversight and liability goals with practical frameworks.

AccountabilityGovernanceTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, Public Sector, Researcher
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CFA Institute Research & Policy Center2025

Explainable AI in Finance

Industry Report40 min read

Explores XAI's transformative opportunity for financial institutions to enhance trust, compliance, and decision-making through transparent AI systems.

TransparencyAccountabilityGovernance
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Government Information Quarterly (Elsevier)2020

Data Governance: Organizing Data for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence

Academic Paper30 min read

Reviews challenges and approaches to data governance for AI systems, proposing comprehensive framework for trustworthy data management.

PrivacyGovernanceTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Public Sector
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Computers in Biology and Medicine (Elsevier)2023

Privacy-Preserving Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Techniques and Applications

Academic Paper30 min read499 citations

Reviews privacy-preserving techniques for AI in healthcare including federated learning, differential privacy, and secure multi-party computation.

PrivacySafetyGovernance
Best for: Enterprise, Public Sector, Researcher
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The Elements of Big Data Value (Springer)2021

Data Protection in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Trends and Solutions

Book Chapter35 min read99 citations

Overview of trends in privacy-preserving technologies for AI developers and stakeholders, examining solutions for data protection challenges.

PrivacyGovernanceAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Researcher
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Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory2024

Implementing AI in the Public Sector

Academic Paper30 min read152 citations

Identifies three dimensions of AI implementation in public sector: technology-deterministic, data-induced, and organizational transformation approaches.

GovernanceAccountabilityTransparency
Best for: Public Sector, Researcher
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The White House2025

America's AI Action Plan

Policy Framework45 min read

Sets forth clear policy goals for federal government AI execution across innovation, infrastructure, and international cooperation pillars.

GovernanceRiskSafety
Best for: Public Sector, Enterprise, Researcher
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UN Environment Programme (UNEP)2024

AI Has an Environmental Problem - Here's What the World Can Do About It

Industry Report40 min read

UNEP explores AI's environmental footprint including energy consumption and carbon emissions, proposing solutions for sustainable AI deployment.

SustainabilityGovernanceAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, Public Sector, Researcher
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ISO/IEC2023

ISO/IEC 42001:2023 - Artificial Intelligence Management System

Technical Standard1.0 hr read

First international standard for AI management systems, providing requirements and guidance for responsible development and use of AI.

GovernanceRiskAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Public Sector
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IAPP2025

Right-Sizing AI governance: Starting the Conversation for SMBs

Industry Report40 min read

Practical guidance for small and medium businesses on implementing proportionate AI governance without enterprise-scale resources.

GovernanceRiskAccountability
Best for: SME, Individual
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AI and Ethics (Springer)2022

Meaningful Human Control: Actionable Properties for AI System Development

Academic Paper30 min read

Develops actionable properties for designing AI systems under meaningful human control with practical guidance for developers and organisations.

Human OversightAccountabilityTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Researcher
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World Economic Forum2024

Global AI Action Alliance - Toolkit for Responsible AI Innovation

Industry Report40 min read

Practical toolkit providing implementation guidance, assessment tools, and best practices for responsible AI innovation across sectors.

GovernanceRiskAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Public Sector
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Stanford Human-Centered AI Institute2024

Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2024

Industry Report40 min read

Comprehensive annual report tracking global AI trends, progress, and challenges across technical performance, policy, economics, and societal impact.

GovernanceTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, Public Sector, Researcher
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Partnership on AI2023

Responsible AI Practices

Industry Report40 min read

Collection of practical approaches and real-world examples demonstrating how organisations implement responsible AI principles in practice.

GovernanceFairnessTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Public Sector
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IEEE Global Initiative2019

Ethically Aligned Design: A Vision for Prioritizing Human Well-being with Autonomous and Intelligent Systems

Technical Standard1.0 hr read

Comprehensive framework from IEEE establishing principles and recommendations for human-centric design of autonomous and intelligent systems.

GovernanceHuman OversightTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Researcher
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AI Now Institute2024

2024 Landscape Report: Confronting Tech Power

Industry Report40 min read

Critical analysis of AI power concentration, examining corporate dominance, regulatory challenges, and impacts on democracy and social justice.

GovernanceAccountabilityFairness
Best for: Public Sector, Researcher, Third Sector
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Data & Society Research Institute2023

Algorithmic Accountability: A Primer

Industry Report40 min read

Foundational guide explaining algorithmic accountability concepts, mechanisms, and implementation approaches for diverse stakeholders.

AccountabilityTransparencyGovernance
Best for: Public Sector, Enterprise, Third Sector, Researcher
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MLSys Conference Proceedings2022

Sustainable AI: Environmental Implications, Challenges and Opportunities

Conference Paper20 min read880 citations

Characterizes carbon footprint of AI computing including manufacturing and operational emissions, proposing sustainable AI practices and metrics.

SustainabilityGovernanceAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher, Public Sector
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arXiv2024

Evolving AI Risk Management: A Maturity Model Based on the NIST AI RMF

Academic Paper30 min read

Proposes AI risk management maturity model building on NIST AI RMF, enabling organisations to assess and advance their AI governance capabilities.

RiskGovernanceAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, SME, Public Sector
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arXiv2024

Towards Guaranteed Safe AI: A Framework for Ensuring Robust and Reliable AI Systems

Academic Paper30 min read

Proposes comprehensive framework for AI safety assurance combining formal verification, runtime monitoring, and safety-critical engineering practices.

SafetyRiskAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, Public Sector, Researcher
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Healthcare (MDPI)2024

Global Regulatory Frameworks for the Use of AI in Healthcare Services

Academic Paper30 min read

Comparative analysis of AI regulatory approaches in healthcare across major jurisdictions, examining standards, approval processes, and oversight mechanisms.

SafetyGovernanceAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, Public Sector, Researcher
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Reliability Engineering & System Safety (Elsevier)2024

Artificial Intelligence for Safety and Reliability: A Descriptive Review

Academic Paper30 min read

Reviews AI applications in safety and reliability engineering, examining both opportunities and challenges in using AI for safety-critical systems.

SafetyRiskAccountability
Best for: Enterprise, Public Sector, Researcher
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Journal of Governance & Regulation2023

Future Prospects and Challenges of Integrating AI Within Business Practices of SMEs

Academic Paper30 min read

Examines unique opportunities and challenges SMEs face in AI adoption, providing strategic guidance for successful integration.

GovernanceRisk
Best for: SME, Individual
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AI Now Institute2017

AI Now Institute

Industry Report40 min read

An independent research institute focusing on the social implications of AI and policy research, notable for being the first AI institute founded and led by women.

Governance
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Ada Lovelace Institute2019

Ada Lovelace Institute

Industry Report40 min read

An independent UK-based institute ensuring data and AI technologies work for people and society by promoting equitable AI benefits and social wellbeing.

GovernanceFairnessTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Data & Society Research Institute2014

Data & Society Research Institute

Industry Report40 min read

A New York-based nonprofit conducting empirical research on the social implications of data-centric technologies, including AI systems.

GovernanceFairnessPrivacy
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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AlgorithmWatch2016

AlgorithmWatch

Industry Report40 min read

A Berlin-based nonprofit evaluating algorithmic decision-making processes and maintaining a global inventory of AI ethics guidelines.

FairnessTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Future of Life Institute2014

Future of Life Institute

Industry Report40 min read

An institute focused on steering transformative technologies like AI toward benefiting humanity, known for the Asilomar AI Principles and AI Safety Index.

Transparency
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Center for AI Safety2022

Center for AI Safety

Industry Report40 min read

A nonprofit research organization focused on reducing societal-scale risks from AI through technical safety research and advocacy.

Governance
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Responsible AI Institute2016

Responsible AI Institute

Industry Report40 min read

A leading global nonprofit providing cutting-edge tools for responsible AI oversight and compliance through the RAISE framework.

Risk
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Partnership on AI2016

Partnership on AI

Policy Framework45 min read

An independent nonprofit coalition bringing together diverse communities to address AI's future through guidelines, policymaker education, and international convenings.

RiskFairnessTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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AI Governance Alliance (World Economic Forum)2023

AI Governance Alliance (World Economic Forum)

Policy Framework45 min read

A flagship WEF initiative with 350+ members promoting responsible AI development through working groups on safety, applications, and governance.

Governance
Best for: Public Sector, Enterprise, Researcher
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International Association for Safe & Ethical AI (IASEAI)2023

International Association for Safe & Ethical AI (IASEAI)

Policy Framework45 min read

An independent nonprofit connecting experts across sectors to promote research and policy for safe and ethical AI systems.

FairnessTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Electronic Frontier Foundation1990

Electronic Frontier Foundation

Industry Report40 min read

The leading digital civil liberties organization championing user privacy, free expression, and innovation through algorithmic accountability advocacy.

TransparencyPrivacy
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher, Third Sector
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Encode Justice2020

Encode Justice

Industry Report40 min read

A youth-led global coalition of 600+ students across 40+ states and 30+ countries advocating for AI governance and human rights protection.

Fairness
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher, Third Sector
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AI4ALL2017

AI4ALL

Industry Report40 min read

A national nonprofit transforming the AI practitioner pipeline by creating a more inclusive discipline through education and mentorship for underrepresented groups.

Fairness
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher, Third Sector
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AI Safety Institute (UK)2023

AI Safety Institute (UK)

Industry Report40 min read

A UK government institute dedicated to advancing AI safety research, testing, and standards development to ensure safe AI deployment.

Governance
Best for: Public Sector, Enterprise, Researcher
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OpenAI2015

OpenAI

Industry Report40 min read

A pioneering AI research organization with a unique nonprofit governance structure ensuring AI benefits all of humanity.

Governance
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency in Machine Learning2023

Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency in Machine Learning

Policy Framework45 min read

A community-driven initiative promoting fairness, accountability, and transparency in machine learning systems through research and advocacy.

FairnessTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Montreal AI Ethics Institute2023

Montreal AI Ethics Institute

Policy Framework45 min read

A nonprofit institute providing practical tools and frameworks for organizations to implement ethical AI practices and ensure compliance.

Governance
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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IEEE2019

IEEE

Technical Standard1.0 hr read

A comprehensive 290-page framework providing recommendations for ethical AI development based on five core principles and supported by the P7000 technical standards series.

Transparency
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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IEEE2023

IEEE

Technical Standard1.0 hr read

A global AI ethics certification program assessing autonomous intelligent systems across transparency, accountability, algorithmic bias, and privacy.

TransparencyPrivacy
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)2023

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Technical Standard1.0 hr read

A systematic risk management framework released in 2023 providing guidance through four core functions: Govern, Map, Measure, and Manage.

RiskFairnessTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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European Commission2019

European Commission

Policy Framework45 min read

Guidelines published in 2019 establishing seven key requirements for trustworthy AI including human agency, technical robustness, and accountability.

TransparencyPrivacy
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)2019

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Policy Framework45 min read

The first intergovernmental AI principles adopted in 2019, establishing five principles for responsible AI stewardship including inclusive growth and human-centered values.

Transparency
Best for: Public Sector, Enterprise, Researcher
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Responsible AI Institute2023

Responsible AI Institute

Technical Standard1.0 hr read

The Responsible AI Safety and Effectiveness framework providing practical implementation pathways with over 1,100 controls mapped across 17 global standards.

Risk
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Université de Montréal2018

Université de Montréal

Policy Framework45 min read

A declaration developed in 2018 through a unique citizen co-construction process involving 500+ participants, presenting 10 principles for responsible AI.

FairnessPrivacy
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Future of Life Institute2017

Future of Life Institute

Policy Framework45 min read

Created in 2017, these 23 principles address research issues, ethics and values, and longer-term concerns, signed by over 2,000 experts including leading AI researchers.

RiskTransparency
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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World Economic Forum2023

World Economic Forum

Policy Framework45 min read

Developed by the World Economic Forum's AI Governance Alliance, this framework addresses safe systems, responsible applications, and resilient governance through multi-stakeholder collaboration.

Governance
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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UNESCO2021

UNESCO

Policy Framework45 min read

The first global standard on AI ethics adopted by UNESCO's 193 member states in 2021, providing comprehensive guidance on human rights-centered AI development.

Governance
Best for: Public Sector, Enterprise, Researcher
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International Organization for Standardization (ISO) / International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)2023

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) / International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

Technical Standard1.0 hr read

The world's first AI management system standard published in 2023, providing requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving AI management systems.

Governance
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher
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Partnership on AI2020

Partnership on AI

Industry Report40 min read

A comprehensive database cataloguing AI system failures and harms to inform safer AI development through lessons learned from real-world incidents.

Transparency
Best for: Enterprise, Researcher, Third Sector
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Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA), Singapore2022

Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA), Singapore

Technical Standard1.0 hr read

Singapore's AI governance testing framework and toolkit launched in 2022, providing organizations with tools to validate AI systems against ethical principles.

RiskFairnessTransparency
Best for: Public Sector, Enterprise, Researcher
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Government of Canada2019

Government of Canada

Policy Framework45 min read

Canada's mandatory assessment tool launched in 2019 for evaluating risks associated with automated decision systems used by federal government.

Transparency
Best for: Public Sector, Enterprise, Researcher
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