RESEARCH SOURCES

Valuable Sources for AI Governance

Comprehensive collection of authoritative resources, research findings, and best practices from leading international organizations, governments, and academic institutions.

Evidence-based foundations for responsible AI implementation across all sectors.

International Organizations

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UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

AI Ethics and Governance Lab

Knowledge hub bringing together case studies, good practices, and cutting-edge research. Focus on framing key issues, providing tangible insights from practice, introducing innovative tools, and policy recommendations.

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Guidance for Generative AI in Education and Research

First global guidance on GenAI in education (April 2025). Supports countries in implementing immediate actions, planning long-term policies, and developing human capacity.

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AI Competency Frameworks

Two comprehensive frameworks:

  • AI Competency Framework for Students
  • AI Competency Framework for Teachers

Purpose: Guide countries in supporting students and teachers to understand AI potential, develop AI literacy, and enable safe and ethical AI integration in education.

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World Health Organization (WHO)

Leading authority on global health

Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health (June 2021)

150-page comprehensive guidance document developed over 18 months with leading experts in ethics, digital technology, law, human rights, and Ministries of Health.

Six Consensus Principles for AI in Health:

  • Ethics and human rights at the heart of design, deployment, and use
  • Public benefit for all countries
  • Accountability of stakeholders (public and private sector)
  • Responsiveness to healthcare workers
  • Community and individual health protection
  • Governance maximizing promise while managing risks
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OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OECD AI Principles (2019)

First intergovernmental standard on AI, promoting AI that is innovative and trustworthy and that respects human rights and democratic values.

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United Nations

Global governance and sustainable development

Harnessing AI for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Framework for leveraging AI to accelerate achievement of SDGs across health, education, energy, climate action, and biodiversity.

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UN Global Issues: Artificial Intelligence

Comprehensive overview of AI's role in addressing global challenges and the need for ethical frameworks.

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Financial & Economic Institutions

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International Monetary Fund (IMF)

AI Projects in Financial Supervisory Authorities (October 2025)

Working Paper No. 2025/199 - 34 pages examining how financial supervisory authorities enhance their toolkit through AI adoption.

Key Challenges Identified:

  • Ensuring explainability of AI decisions
  • Mitigating algorithmic bias in financial decisions
  • Stakeholder collaboration requirements
  • Robust governance frameworks necessity
  • Adequate resource allocation
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World Economic Forum (WEF)

IBM Responsible AI Case Study (September 2021)

Co-authored with Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University. Examines IBM's comprehensive approach to ethical AI.

Five Open-Source Toolkits:

  • AI Explainability 360: 8 algorithms for making ML models more explainable
  • AI Fairness 360: 70 fairness metrics + 10 bias-mitigation algorithms
  • Adversarial Robustness Toolbox: Tools for overcoming adversarial attacks
  • AI FactSheets 360: Transparency documentation methodology
  • Uncertainty Quantification 360: Tools to test reliability of AI predictions
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Advancing Responsible AI Innovation: A Playbook (2025)

Comprehensive guide for organizations implementing responsible AI practices.

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Defense & National Security

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NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Summary of NATO's Revised AI Strategy (July 2024)

First adopted in October 2021, revised in July 2024. Includes six Principles of Responsible Use (PRUs) for AI in Defence.

Six Principles of Responsible Use:

  • Lawfulness: AI applications developed and used in accordance with national and international law
  • Responsibility and Accountability: Clear human responsibility for AI systems
  • Explainability and Traceability: AI decisions can be understood and traced
  • Reliability: AI systems perform as intended
  • Governability: AI systems can be controlled and managed
  • Bias Mitigation: Active measures to prevent and address bias
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U.S. Department of Defense

Responsible AI (2020)

Five DoD AI Ethical Principles: Responsible, Equitable, Traceable, Reliable, and Governable.

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U.S. Intelligence Community AI Ethics Principles

Institutional ethical, legal, and accountability frameworks. Consistent and enforceable ethical frameworks for national security AI use.

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Government AI Implementation

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Estonia AI Implementation Case Study

Government leverages AI to enhance public services, streamline operations, and improve citizen engagement through a digital-first government model.

Key Features:

  • 50+ AI-powered solutions integrated into public services
  • Human-in-the-loop approach ensures accountability
  • Collaboration with private sector, academia, and civil society
  • GDPR and fundamental rights compliance
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Media & Creative Industries

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Deepfake Governance

Global Governance Challenges of Deepfake Technology

Comprehensive analysis of ethical concerns, legal accountability challenges, and governance frameworks for machine-manipulated media.

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AI Impact on Creative Industries (February 2024)

WEF report on how AI will augment existing creative jobs, create new fields and roles, and lower barriers to entry for creative work.

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Common Governance Principles Across All Sectors

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Transparency & Explainability

Clear understanding of AI decision-making processes

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Fairness & Bias Mitigation

Active measures to prevent and address bias

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Accountability & Responsibility

Clear lines of human responsibility for AI systems

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Privacy & Data Protection

Robust safeguards for personal and sensitive data

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Human Oversight & Control

Meaningful human control over AI systems

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Safety & Security

Reliable and secure AI system performance

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Lawfulness & Compliance

Adherence to applicable laws and regulations

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Ecosystem Collaboration

Multi-stakeholder partnerships and cooperation

Explore Real-World Applications

See how these principles are being implemented across industries and sectors worldwide.